SPHMMC Research Repository

The Institutional Research Repository of St. Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC) serves as a centralized digital archive that preserves and showcases the scholarly output of the college community. It hosts research works produced by current and past members of SPHMMC, including undergraduate and postgraduate students as well as faculty across diverse departments.

By providing open access to theses, dissertations, faculty publications, and collaborative projects, the repository strengthens knowledge sharing, supports academic excellence, and ensures that the contributions of the college’s researchers remain accessible for future learning, innovation, and policy development.

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Undergraduate & Postgraduate Research

Recent Submissions

Magnitude of Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma and associated factors in St. Paul’s millennium medical college, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023
(2023) Farah,Ahmed Mohamed
Background: Head and neck cancers was the seventh most common cancer worldwide and continue to remain a significant public health burden worldwide, causing significant mortality and morbidity despite significant clinical advances enabling their early diagnosis and treatment. There is an increasing burden of cancer in developing economies worldwide on the contrary; there is apparent under-reporting of the magnitude of cases in many countries including ours. Even though we encountered many head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in our everyday experience, we do not exactly know the magnitude of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and the associated risk factors in our clinic, which eventually reflect to the community. Objective: To determine the magnitude of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and the associated factors among patients visited Ear Nose and Throat department of SPHMMC, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2023 Methodology: Cross sectional study was conducted among 150 patients with head and neck cancer seen in Ear, Nose and Throat department of SPHMMC from October 2022 to Sept 2023. Data was collected using electronic based structured questionnaire from selected patient chart. The data was checked and cleaned by principal investigator on daily basis during data collection for completeness and consistencies then data analysis was done using SPSS 27.0 statistical software. Bivariate and multivariate regression was used to determine significant factor. Odds ratio and adjusted odds ratio with their 95% confidence interval and P value <0.05 was taken as significant. All institutional regulations pertaining to patients’ privacy and ethical consideration was strictly followed. Results: From a total of 150 patients, 65(43.3%) had head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. During multivariable logistic regression, Age (AOR=0.14, 95%CI: 0.01-0.74, p=0.026), male sex (AOR=2.1, 95%CI: 1.01-7.37, p=0.002), smoking status (AOR=14.6, 95%CI: 2.01-106.4, p=0.000), and alcohol consumption (AOR=3.1, 95%CI: 1.05-8.89, p=0.041) were the significant predictors of development of squamous cell carcinoma. Conclusion: In this study 43.3% of the study participants had SCC. Therefore, to reduce this prevalence the recommendation was goes to for the community: - better to avoid all the risk of 1 SCC including cigarette and alcohol consumption. For the health office: - give community awareness about the possibility of incidence and risk of SCC and its prevention mechanisms. The government and the health sector as general should give emphasis on health education on modifiable risk factors for HNSCCs like smoking and drinking. Great emphasis for complete patient evaluation and careful complete record keeping, which will have an enormous importance for future research. Key words: Head and neck cancers, squamous cell carcinoma, risk factors
Audiogram Based Prevalence of Sensorineural Hearing Loss in Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media Patients Attending Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College Ear Nose and Throat Clinic from 2017 to 2019
(2019) Muluneh, Binyam
Background: Hearing loss as a sequel of chronic suppurative otitis media is often conductive, but recent studies have found an additional sensorineural component in these patients, thus demonstrating inner ear damage. Objective: The aim of the study is to assess the prevalence of sensorineural hearing loss and describe in relation to patient’s age, gender, duration of disease, and presence of cholesteatoma in patients with chronic suppurative otitis media attending Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College Ear, Nose and Throat clinic from 2017 to 2019, Addis Abeba Ethiopia Methods: Using retrospective descriptive cross sectional study design, 121 patients with unilateral chronic suppurative otitis media between 10-60 years with clinical and audiological normal contralateral ear from Jan 2017 to Jan 2019 were studied. Patients were excluded if there was history of trauma, meningoencephalitis, chronic exposure to noise, prior ear surgery, previous ototoxic drug therapy, known comorbid illnesses like diabetes, Human Immunodeficiency Virus and family history of congenital or acquired hearing loss. Data analyzed using SPSS window version 20.0. Results: In this study, 62 (51.2%) of patients were female and 59 (48.8%) of cases male with mean age of 29.86 ± 12.6 SD years. The prevalence of SNHL in CSOM was 26.4%. Increased prevalence with increasing age and duration of disease seen. The study showed almost similar prevalence of SNHL between Male and Female as well as between cholesteatoma and non-cholesteatoma ears. Conclusion and recommendations: The prevalence of SNHL in patients with CSOM was 26.4% in this study and increased prevalence with longer duration of disease demonstrated. Increased prevalence with increased age of patient also seen. To prevent these irreversible sequelae through timely medical and surgical intervention providing health education to increase public awareness and expanding ENT services are recommended.. Also there is a need to conduct further prospective studies on determinant factors of SNHL in our country to reveal hidden factors behind this irreparable handicap. Key words: Sensorineural hearing loss, CSOM, Prevalence, Ethiopia
OTITIS MEDIA WITH EFFUSION AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS AMONG CHILDREN LESS THAN 15 YEARS OLD IN ETHIOPIA
(2025) TEKLEGIORGIS, MELAT
Background: Otitis Media with Effusion is a condition marked by the presence of fluid in the middle ear without acute signs of infection. This disorder is especially widespread in youngsters, posing serious dangers to hearing and overall developmental consequences. Understanding the frequency and risk factors for OME is critical, particularly in low resource countries. Despite the facts, OME in Ethiopia has garnered limited attention. Objective: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and associated factors of otitis media with effusion among children less than 15 years old in Ethiopia. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed, using data from the National Hearing Survey titled "Prevalence and Causes of Hearing Loss in Ethiopia, 2023." The study included 4,647 randomly selected children from all regional states in Ethiopia, excluding the Tigray regional state and city administrations. The original survey utilized a multi-stage sampling technique to identify specific study settings and recruit participants from various geographic regions of the country. Data extracted from the survey were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0. Means and standard deviations were used to describe continuous data, while frequencies and percentages were employed for categorical data. Both bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analyses were performed. Statistical significance was set at a 5% level, and adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to present the strength of the associated factors. Result: The prevalence of Otitis media with effusion was found to be 19 % CI: 17.9 -20.1. Living in rural area (AOR = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.72 – 0.99), having an auricle malformation (AOR = 7.17; 95% CI: 1.19 – 43.1) and a history of Acute Otitis Media (AOM) (AOR = 18.6; 95% CI: 12.2 – 28.2) were all found to have significant association with OME. Conclusion: The prevalence of OME is high compared to that reported in the literature Living in a rural area, having an auricle malformation and history of Acute Otitis Media were all significantly related to the prevalence of OME. Key words: Otitis media, otitis media with effusion, Ethiopia
PREVALENCE AND PATTERNS OF HEAD & NECK CANCERS IN PATIENTS VISITING SPHMMC, ETHIOPIA FROM 2017-2018
(2019) Shiferaw, Yohannes
Background: Head and Neck cancer comprises a diverse array of diseases with distinct anatomical subsites, histopathologic features and risk factors. The most common type of head and neck cancer is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the mucosa of the upper aerodigestive tract (UADT). In 2008, more than 600 000 people worldwide were diagnosed with UADT SCC. The incidence of and risk factors for UADT SCC differ by tumour subsite. These major subsites are nasopharynx, oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, hypopharynx, salivary glands, and thyroid. Despite this growing burden, cancer continues to receive low public health priority in Africa, largely because of limited resources and other pressing public health problems, including communicable diseases such as Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)/Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection, malaria, and tuberculosis. It may also be in part due to a lack of awareness about the magnitude of the current and future cancer burden among policy makers, the general public, and international private or public health agencies Objective: To assess the prevalence and patterns of Head and Neck cancers in patients visiting SPHMMC from 2107-2018. Methods and participants: Health facility based retrospective chart review study was conducted. This is a two year retrospective study to analyze the data recorded in SPHMMC ENT Department from Jan 1, 2017 up to Dec 31, 2018. The data from the registration book was checked, selected and those included in the inclusion criteria’s were fed to SPSS version 23.0 to analyze the type, the pattern, and other variables. Results and Discussion: A total of 100 patients were diagnosed with head and neck cancer among which 62 (62.00%) were males. Laryngeal(35.00%) and salivary gland cancers (26.00%) were the leading head and neck cancers. Squamous cell carcinoma is the predominant histologic type (70.00%). Most patients (73.00%) presented at advanced stages of cancer. Conclusion: Cancer has been increasingly recognized as a critical public health problem in Ethiopia, Despite this increasing burden, cancer continues to receive low public health priority in Africa, largely because of the overwhelming burden of communicable diseases and limited resources. This study has summarized the patterns of head and neck cancers in SPHMMC, Ethiopia. This should be helpful to raise cancer awareness and promote cancer prevention and control in this country Key words: Prevalence, Pattern, Head and Neck Surgery (HNS), SCC, SPHMMC
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL PROFILE OF CHRONIC SUPPURATIVE OTITIS MEDIA PATIENTS AT SAINT PAUL’S HOSPITAL MILLENNIUM MEDICAL COLLEGE A DESCRIPTIVE CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
(2019) MOLLA, ZINABU
Background: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) remains one of the most common childhood chronic infectious diseases worldwide, affecting diverse racial and cultural groups both in developing and industrialized countries. It involves considerable morbidity and can cause extra- and intra-cranial complications if not diagnosed and treated at earliest. Objectives: To describe the epidemiological and clinical profile of chronic suppurative otitis media patients at Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College (SPHMMC) in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Methods: All the patients who meet the inclusion criteria were included in the study. And informed consent was taken from all the patients with ear discharge from otitis media, having 02 weeks or more duration of unilateral or bilateral ear discharge, and who attended the Ear, Nose and Throat (ENT) outpatient department clinics of SPHMMC. Data was collected in three months period from February 1st, 2019 through April 30th, 2019 using a structured questionnaire and the results were added their proforma and analyzed. Results: A total of 186 CSOM patients were included in the study and no sex preponderance was seen with age ranging from 07 months to 77 years. Most patients, 72.0% of them were below the age of 30 years and 82.8% of the patients stayed at urban areas and students accounted for 30.1% of the patients. As to the first time visit of patients, 12.5% of the rural residents and 9.0% of the urban residents visited traditional healers. More than half of the patients (52.0%) visited non ENT specialist during their first visit. Hearing loss complaint was reported in 83.3% of the patients. Tubotympanic type tympanic membrane perforation was the commonest (76.0%) and 95.0% of the patients had subtotal perforation. Three quarter (76.0%) of the patients had conductive hearing loss and moderate degree of hearing loss was the most common (51.0%). Conclusion and Recommendation: Among the CSOM cases, the younger segment of the population is the most affected. And the patients presented with long history of the disease, with median [IQR] duration of ear discharge of 11 [11±18] years and ranging from 01 month to 60 years. Thus, it is important to spread awareness among people for discharging ear for its early diagnosis and management. Sensorineural component of hearing loss was common in CSOM patients which affects their surgical out come on hearing. Thus, patients should be strictly counseled on the outcomes before surgery. Keywords: Chronic suppurative otitis media, discharge, epidemiology of otitis media