Occupational pesticide exposure and associated factors, among rural farmers of Dawo districts, South West Shewa, Oromia Region, Ethiopia,

Abstract

Abstract Background: Pesticides are chemical compounds used to kill pests, unwanted plants (weeds), including insects, fungi, and rodents. However, the unsafe use of pesticides poses major risks to human health and the environment. This study aims to assess occupational pesticide exposure and the associated factors among rural farmers in Dawo districts, 2025. Method: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February to March, 2025 in Dawo District. A total of 462 samples were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire, and were collected using Kobo Collect and analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 25 software. To identify factors associated with the dependent variable, a two stage logistic regression analysis was conducted. Variables with 0.25 in the bivariate logistic analysis were included in the multivariate model. In the final model, statistical significance was determined at a p-value <0.05. Result: Out of 462 farmers, 453 voluntarily participated, with a response rate of 98%. The prevalence of occupational pesticide exposure was 347 (76.6%), with 95% CI: (72.3-80.6). In multivariate logistic regression analysis: not knowledgeable (AOR = 2.02, 95% CI: 1.15–3.56), lack knowledge effects of pesticide on human health (AOR = 14.53, 95% CI: 7.95–26.56), Lack of knowledge on the amount of pesticide active ingredient (AOR = 5.46, 95% CI: 2.86–10.41), Lack of knowledge on exposure routes of pesticide (AOR = 2.09, 95% CI: 1.13–3.89), Limited knowledge of pesticide effect on the environmental (AOR = 2.14, 95% CI: 1.18–3.88), lack training on Pesticide safety use (AOR = 14, 95% CI: 8.3–25.2), Improper utilization Personal Protective Equipment (AOR=3.5, 95% Cl: 1.1-10.9), failure to follow wind direction during spraying (AOR = 4.9, 95% CI: 2.50–9.29), were significant factors. Conclusion: Pesticide exposure among farmers is strongly influenced by knowledge gaps, unsafe practices, and lack of training, additional behavioral factors, such as not using protective equipment, ignoring wind direction. These findings highlight the urgent need for comprehensive educational programs, behavioral change strategies, promoting consistent use of protective equipment, encouraging safe spraying techniques, and fostering positive attitudes toward pesticide safety and enforcement of safety protocols to reduce health risks in agricultural communities. Keywords: Occupational, Pesticide, Exposures, Farmers, Dawo District