Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia and its associated factors among intubated adult patients admitted in public hospitals in Addis, Ababa, Ethiopia.

Abstract

Abstract Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia is Pneumonia that develops after 48 hours of endotracheal intubation or tracheostomy. It leads to prolonged mechanical ventilation, extended stays in intensive care units, higher healthcare costs, the emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria, and increased morbidity and mortality. Whereas, limited studies, conducted on magnitude and associated factors of VAP in Ethiopia. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the magnitude of ventilator-associated pneumonia and associated factors among intubated adult patients admitted in public hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2024. Methods: A facility-based retrospective cross-sectional study design was conducted among 341 randomly selected intubated ICU admitted adult patients’ cards from January 1st, 2021, to December 30th, 2023 GC. Variables with a bi-variable analysis value of P < 0.25 were sent straight to a multivariable analysis. On multivariable analysis P- Values <0.05 were considered statistically significant at a 95% confidence interval using SPSS version 26 software. Result: A total of 335 patient charts were enrolled in the study with a response rate of 98.2%. More than half of the participants 191 (57%) were male. The median age of patients was 40 years (IQR of 26–56 years). This study determined that the magnitude of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia (VAP) was 31.3% (95% CI: 26.3 % - 36.4 %). The study revealed that age ≥60 (AOR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.51-7.12), re-intubation (AOR: 4.8, 95% CI: 2.4-9.4), duration of patient on mechanical ventilator (AOR: 3.2, 95% CI: 1.4-7.2), tracheostomy (AOR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.2 5.2) and emergency intubation (AOR: 2.4, 95% CI: 1.3-4.6) were identified factors significantly associated with VAP. Conclusion: This study determined the magnitude of VAP was 31.3% among patients who were admitted to the adult intensive care unit, with identified factors increasing odds of VAP being advanced age, re-intubation, duration of patient on mechanical ventilator, tracheostomy, and emergency intubation. Therefore, policymakers and health planers should address these identified factors to improve patient outcomes and healthcare costs. Keywords: Associated factor, Ethiopia, Magnitude, Ventilator-associated pneumonia